Biparietal diameter and head circumference are commonly used for assessing fetal age and growth and may also be useful to identify some cerebral anomalies. They may be measured either in the transventricular plane or in the transthalamic plane. Different techniques can be used for measuring the biparietal diameter.Fetal central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities are second only to cardiac malformations in their frequency of occurrence. Early and accurate diagnosis at prenatal US is therefore essential, allowing improved prenatal counseling and facilitating appropriate referral. Thorough knowledge of normal intracranial anatomy and adoption of a logical sonographic approach can improve depiction of abnormal findings, leading to a more accurate differential diagnosis earlier in pregnancy. Four standard recommended views—transventricular, falx, cavum, and posterior fossa or transcerebellar views—provide an overview of fetal intracranial anatomy during the second trimester anatomy scan. Essential elements surveyed in the head and neck include the lateral cerebral ventricles, choroid plexus, midline falx, cavum septi pellucidi, cerebellum, cisterna magna, upper lip, and nuchal fold. CNS abnormalities can be organized into six main categories at prenatal US. Developmental anomalies include neural tube defects and neuronal migration disorders. Posterior fossa disorders include Dandy-Walker malformation variants and Chiari II malformation. Ventricular anomalies include aqueductal stenosis. Midline disorders include those on the spectrum of holoprosencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and septo-optic dysplasia. Vascular anomalies include vein of Galen malformations. Miscellaneous disorders include hydranencephaly, porencephaly, tumors, and intracranial hemorrhage. Correlation with postnatal MRI is helpful for confirmation and clarification of suspected diagnoses after birth. The authors discuss a standard US imaging approach to the fetal CNS and review cases in all categories of CNS malformations, providing postnatal MRI correlation when available.
What is CEREBRAL ABNORMALITIES (brain problem)?
It has become clear in many research that brain abnormalities can be of many types, including autism, schizophrenia, various types of brain tumors and dementia. One of these is cerebral palsy, which is said to be the most common and is usually seen in children. In this disease, children have problems related to the development of walking and their posture, which are permanent. In fact, when the brain is developing, some abnormalities occur within it, which affect its ability to control things and posture and balance.
About 15 to 20 percent of children in India are affected by cerebral palsy and 2.1 to 3 percent of children in every thousand are victims of this condition.
what are the risk factors
Experts point out that the severity of the neurodevelopmental disorder and its development is linked to the duration of pregnancy. As the days of pregnancy decrease, the risk will increase. Another risk factor is fetal weight. These disorders can be detected by signs of premature babies and delayed crying after birth.
how does the brain affect
Experts say that such cases are very common and due to environmental factors, viral and genetic factors, the process of brain development gets disrupted, due to which this problem occurs. Brain abnormalities can range from mild to severe and affect the baby's brain after birth.
Which ultrasound will know
If the problem is more or the matter is serious, then its diagnosis can be detected in the early ultrasound of 12 to 13 weeks. This means that it can be detected in Level 1 ultrasound. Apart from this, it can also be detected in 18 to 20 weeks that how serious it is.
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